Keywords :
Cesarean section, Cesarean section rates, Cesarean scar pregnancy, Challenges in CSP, Dilation and curettage. Hysterectomy
Citation Information :
Ruhil M, Humane A, Thakare S, Sonak M, Rachwani K. Case Series on Case-based Approach in Management of Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy in Different Clinical Scenarios. J South Asian Feder Obs Gynae 2024; 16 (6):713-718.
These days, there is a noticeable rise in the number of pregnancies ending in scar surgery. This could be explained by the rise in the number of cesarean sections performed as well as advancements in diagnostic technologies like transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS). In obstetrics, diagnosing and treating ectopic cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) has become difficult. The study's objectives are to assess different diagnostic techniques (namely, ultrasonography) and examine successful CSP treatment strategies based on the patient's hemodynamic profile, factor, and current facility conditions. Considering all of the dangers and issues associated with a CSP, we must assess the patient and manage them accordingly, making the right decisions as soon as possible.
In our study, we present four different cases where all patients presented in different ways and hence managed accordingly with good clinical outcome. As the patients came to us were referred from periphery centers in emergency after getting treated inadequately and we had less time for the evaluation in emergency and the diagnosis was blurred due to nonavailability of expertise during emergency hours. But if we rely on our clinical skills and do not delay the treatment, we can save the life of patient. We have managed the patients with exploration followed by obstetric hysterectomy in cases where patient had hemodynamically instability or going toward sepsis but also, we have given trial to conservative methods such as injectable methotrexate (MTX), uterine artery embolization (UAE) and USG-guided hysteroscopic dilatation and curettage, hence preserving the uterus. But sometimes, as in case no 1, we tried medical management along with UAE but eventually failed and had to go for obstetric hysterectomy.
Litwicka K, Greco E. Caesarean scar pregnancy: A review of management options. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013;25:456–461. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834cef0c.
Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Cali G, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy is a precursor of morbidly adherent placenta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:346–353. DOI: 10.1002/uog.13426.
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Miller R, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Publications Committee Electronic address: Pubs@smfmorg. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #63: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022;227: B9–B20.
Timor-Tritsch IE. A cesarean scar pregnancy is not an ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022;59:424–427. DOI: 10.1002/uog.24877.
Tsai SW, Huang KH, Ou YC, et al. Low-lying-implantation ectopic pregnancy: A cluster of cesarean scar, cervico-isthmus, and cervical ectopic pregnancies in the first trimester. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013;52:505–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.009.
Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Hussein AM, et al. New insights into the etiopathology of placenta accreta spectrum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022;227:384–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.02.038.
Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Calì G, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy: diagnosis and pathogenesis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2019;46:797–811. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2019.07.009.
Coniglio C, Dickinson JE. Pregnancy following prior Caesarean scar pregnancy rupture: Lessons for modern obstetric practice. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;44:162–165. DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2004.00176.x.
Gamzu, R, Almog, B, Levin, Y, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in extrauterine pregnancies defined by stable or increasing human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations. Fertility and sterility, (2002);77(4):761–765. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)03256-3.
Cok T, Kalayci H, Ozdemir H, Haydardedeoglu B, Parlakgumus AH, Tarim E. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided local methotrexate administration as the first-line treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy: Follow-up of 18 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015;41:803–808. DOI: 10.1111/jog.12627.
Yamaguchi M, Ohba T, Katabuchi H. Safety and efficacy of a single local methotrexate injection for cesarean scar pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2022;29:416–423. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2021.11. 008.
Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Santos R, et al. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cesarean scar pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207(1):44.e411. DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2014.05.001.
Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A. Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: Early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207(1):14–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.007.
Kanat-Pektas M, Bodur S, Dundar O, Bakır VL. Systematic review: what is the best first-line approach for cesarean section ectopic pregnancy? Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 55: 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.03.009.
Timor-Tritsch IE, Khatib N, Monteagudo A, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancies: experience of 60 cases. J Ultrasound Med 2015;34: 601–610. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.4.601.