Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes by a Single Step Procedure and Care is a Propitious Step Towards Containing the Epidemic of Diabetes
Veeraswamy Seshiah, Vijayam Balaji, Hema Divakar, Rajesh Jain, V Bhavatharani, Anjalakshi Chandrasekar
Keywords :
Hyperglycemia in pregnancy, Diabetes in pregnancy study group India, Gestational diabetes mellitus
Citation Information :
Seshiah V, Balaji V, Divakar H, Jain R, Bhavatharani V, Chandrasekar A. Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes by a Single Step Procedure and Care is a Propitious Step Towards Containing the Epidemic of Diabetes. J South Asian Feder Obs Gynae 2024; 16 (3):274-277.
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally, based on the data published in the International Diabetes Federation Atlas (IDF) 9th edition 2019. The data in the Atlas revealed an alarming increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the world from 463 million in 2019 to 700 million in 2045, a 51% increase. While several reasons are ascribed for this rising trend including aging population, urbanization, genetic predisposition, nutrition and lifestyle transition, etc. One factor that has not received adequate attention is glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as carbohydrates intolerance of varying degrees of severity with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The diagnosis of GDM has implication beyond the index pregnancy in that women with GDM are at increased risk of future diabetes, predominantly type 2 DM as are their offsprings. Gestational diabetes mellitus may play a crucial role in the increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity. It is prudent to evaluate the preventive strategies for GDM management in terms of cost-effectiveness and disabilities averted by preventing complication of GDM.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Atlas 9th ed. 2019. Online version of IDF Diabetes Atlas: www.diabetesatlas.org.
Kristina Fiore. United states Preventive Service Task force (USPSTF) backs Universal diabetes Screening. www.USpreventiveServicesTaskForce.org. 13-05190-EF-1 OCT, 2014.
Thangaratinam S, Cooray SD, Sukumar N, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2020;183(2):G49–G56. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-20-0401.
Colagiuri S, Falavigna M, Agarwal MM, et al. Strategies for implementing the WHO diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;103(3):364–372. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.02.012.
Simmons D, Thompson CF, Engelgau MM. Controlling the diabetes epidemic: How should we screen for undiagnosed diabetes and dysglycaemia? Diabet Med 2005;22(2): 207–212. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01378.x.
Luiz Guilherme Kraemer de Aguiar, Haroldo Jose de Matos, Marilia de Brito Gomes. Could fasting plasma glucose be used for screening high-risk outpatients for gestational diabetes mellitus? Diabetes Care 2001:24:954–955. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.5.954.
Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in India. J Assoc Physicians India 2004;52:707–711. PMID: 15839447.
Anjalakshi C, Balaji V, Balaji MS, et al. A single test procedure to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2009;46(1): 51–54. DOI: 10.1007/s00592-008-0060-9.
Franks PW, Looker HC, Kobes S, et al. Gestational glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes in young Pima Indian offspring. Diabetes 2006;55(2):460–465. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0823.
Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Saad MF, et al. Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy in Pima Indian women. Long-term effects on offspring. Diabetes 1991;40 Suppl 2:126–130. DOI: 10.2337/diab.40.2.s126.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: Management from preconception to the postnatal period NICE guideline Published: February 2015. Available from: nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3.
Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005;352(24):2477–2486. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa042973.
Gayle C, Germain S, Marsh MS, et al. Comparing pregnancy outcomes for intensive versus routine antenatal treatment of GDM based on a 75 gm OGTT 2- h blood glucose (>140 mg/dl). Diabetologia 2010;53(Suppl. 1):S435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20151307.
Anderson V, Ye C, Sermer M, et al. Fasting capillary glucose as a screening test for ruling out gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013;35(6):515–522. DOI: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15) 30909-9.
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel, Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, et al. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):676–682. DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848.
Werner EF, Pettker CM, Zuckerwise L, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: Are the criteria proposed by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups cost-effective?. Diabetes Care 2012;35(3):529–535. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1643.
Mission JF, Ohno MS, Cheng YW, et al. Gestational diabetes screening with the new IADPSG guidelines: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207(4):326.e1–326.e3269. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.048.
Falavigna M, Prestes I, Schmidt MI, et al. Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus screening strategies on perinatal outcomes: A simulation study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013;99(3):358–365. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.12.009
Marseille E, Lohse N, Jiwani A, et al. The cost-effectiveness of gestational diabetes screening including prevention of type 2 diabetes: Application of a new model in India and Israel. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26(8):802–810. DOI: 10.3109/14767058. 2013.765845.
Nielsen KK, Rheinländer T, Kapur A, et al. Factors influencing timely initiation and completion of gestational diabetes mellitus screening and diagnosis – A qualitative study from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017;17(1):255. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1429-y.
Wahi P, Dogra V, Jandial K, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its outcomes in Jammu region. J Assoc Physicians India 2011;59:227–230. PMID: 21755759.
Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, www.mohfw.gov.in&www.nhm.gov.in February 2018.
Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;131 Suppl 3:S173–S211. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30033-3.
Sadikot S, Purandare CN, Cho NH, et al. FIGO-IDF Joint Statement and Declaration on Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. IDF Congress. Abu Dhabi, 6th December 2017.
Seshiah V, Balaji V, Banerjee S, et al. Diagnosis and principles of management of gestational diabetes mellitus in the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020;40(3):329–334. DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00860-1.
Musarrat R, Asmat N, Shabeen NM, et al. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus using DIPSI criteria, a study from Pakistan. Clin Epidemiol Global Health 2019;7(2):218–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.06.003.
Panthi S, Hasanat MA, Hasan M, et al. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: Impact of WHO 2013 Screening Criteria : Efficiency of DIPSI and WHO 1999 Criteria Journal of Clinical Diabetology. Journal of Clinical Diabetology 2015;2:13–20.
Desoye G, Nolan CJ. The fetal glucose steal: An underappreciated phenomenon in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia 2016;59(6): 1089–1094. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3931-6.
Tisi DK, Burns DH, Luskey GW, Koski KG. Fetal exposure to altered amniotic fluid glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 occurs before screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011;34(1):139–144. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0607.
Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus manifests in all trimesters of pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;77(3):482–484. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.001.
Veeraswamy S, Divakar H, Gupte S, et al. Need for testing glucose tolerance in the early weeks of pregnancy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016;20(1):43–46. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.172238.
Tuomilehto J. A Paradigm shift is needed in the primary prevention of type 2 DM, prevention of DM, John Wiley & sons limited, 2005. pp. 153–165.
Buchanan TA, Xiang A, Kjos SL, Watanabe R. What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care 2007;30(Suppl 2):S105–S111. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s201.
Seshiah V, Kapur A, Balaji V, et al. Targeting glycemic level in gestational diabetes mellitus to that of normal pregnancy would result in a better maternal-fetal outcome. J Assoc Physicians India 2019;67(4):66–70. PMID: 31309801.