Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has created a huge impact globally. It created great havoc and claimed many lives. It left a trail on those who survived. Long COVID also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) affects 50–70% of people who survive for 3 months or longer after acute COVID-19 infection. It is an emerging syndrome and involves multiple systems due to alterations in cellular energy metabolism and reduced oxygenation to tissues.
Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, GómezMayordomo V, et al. Defining post-COVID symptoms (postacute COVID, long COVID, persistent post-COVID): An integrative classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(5):2621. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052621.
Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, et al. Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023;21: 133–146. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2.
Stewart S, Newson L, Briggs TA, et al. Long COVID risk - A signal to address sex hormones and women's health. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021;11:100242. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100242.
Maglietta G, Diodati F, Puntoni M, et al. Prognostic factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2022;11(6):1541. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061541.
Sigfrid L, Drake TM, Pauley E, et al. Long COVID in adults discharged from UK hospitals after COVID-19: A prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021;8:100186. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021. 100186.
Pollack B, von Saltza E, McCorkell L, et al. Female reproductive health impacts of long COVID and associated illnesses including ME/CFS, POTS, and connective tissue disorders: A literature review. Front Rehabil Sci 2023;4:1122673. DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023. 1122673.
Phetsouphanh C, Darley DR, Wilson DB, et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-tomoderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2022;23:210–216. DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x.
Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021;27(4):601–615. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.
Sharp GC, Fraser A, Sawyer G, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: Research gaps and opportunities. Int J Epidemiol 2022;51(3):691–700. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab239.
Ding T, Wang T, Zhang J, et al. Analysis of ovarian injury associated with COVID-19 disease in reproductive-aged women in Wuhan, China: An observational study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:635255. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.635255.
Huang B, Cai Y, Li N, et al. Sex-based clinical and immunological differences in COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2021;21(1):647. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06313-2.
Connor J, Madhavan S, Mokashi M, et al. Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review. Soc Sci Med 2020;266:113364. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113364.
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Klein SL, Levin ER. Estradiol, progesterone, immunomodulation, and COVID-19 outcomes. Endocrinology 2020;161(9):bqaa127. DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa127.
The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of “The North American Menopause Society” Advisory Panel. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2022;29(7):767–794. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002028.
Li K, Chen G, Hou H, et al. Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age. Reprod Biomed Online 2021;42(1):260–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.020.
Newson L, Lewis R, O'Hara M. Long COVID and menopause – The important role of hormones in long COVID must be considered. Maturitas 2021;152:74. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.08.026.
di Filippo L, Frara S, Nannipieri F, et al. Low Vitamin D levels are associated with long COVID syndrome in COVID-19 survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023;108:e1106–e1116. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad207.